Guilty as Sin: Uncovering New Evidence of Corruption and How Hillary Clinton and the Democrats...
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From Edward Klein
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Top products in United States with authentic reviews:
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Most Trusted Reviews
TRUST
- Verified Purchaser
- Take-Back Reviewer (2 deleted Reviews; avg. rating: 5.0)
- Critical Reviewer (avg. rating: 4.0)
Least Trusted Reviews
TRUST
- Unverified Purchaser
- Created on a high volume day
- Never-Verified Reviewer
- Take-Back Reviewer (2 deleted Reviews; avg. rating: 1.0)
- Brand Repeater (2 of 13 reviews for this brand; avg rating: 5.0)
- Overlapping Review History: reviewed 2 of 9 top products
- Overrepresented Participation (posted 13 Reviews)
- Easy Grader (avg. rating: 4.4)
Analysis Details
100 of the 830 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 3.2 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.7. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.
Never-Verified Reviewers
23 of the 830 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. The Never-Verified Reviewers have rated this product an average of 3.0 while the reviewers who have written at least one verified purchase review rated this product an average of 4.6. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
Take-Back Reviewers
94 of the 830 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. This is an excessively large percentage of Take-Back Reviewers which may indicate unnatural reviews.
4.4 Product's Average Ease Score
4.3 Category's Average Ease Score
Read more about our Reviewer Ease test.
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- 26%
- Have an overrepresented word count
In the graph above, we can see the distribution of review word counts for this product and the expected distribution for this category. We see the following 1 group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:In total, we found that 213 reviews (or 26%) are within an overrepresented word count group. These reviews have rated this product an average of 4.7, while all other reviews have rated this product an average of 4.5. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
(5.0/5)
(5.0/5)
(4.9/5)
(4.1/5)
(4.4/5)
(5.0/5)
24 of the 830 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.9 while reviews without substantial repetitive phrases rated this product an average of 4.5. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
We discovered a total of 21 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 4.8. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.
There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:
- We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
- We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
- We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.
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- 45%
- Created over 38 days
We counted 830 reviews for this product over the span of 777 days, an average of 1.1 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 6 or fewer reviews on any given day.
However, we see the following 38 days exceeding this threshold:In total, we found that 375 reviews were created on just 38 days. This is an excessively high number of reviews submitted on these high volume days.
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- 53%
- From reviewers with an overrepresented participation
We see the following 2 participation groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:In total, we found that 444 reviewers (or 53%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is an excessively high number of reviewers in overrepresented participation groups.
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3% also reviewed:
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from the same brand
246 of the 830 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.
Brand Repeaters
72 of the 830 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.
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- 0%
- Admitted to receiving an incentive
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.