• 
• 6%
• Unverified Purchases

9 of the 140 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 3.4 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.7. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

Never-Verified Reviewers

• 
• 1%
• have zero verified purchases

1 of the 140 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. The Never-Verified Reviewers have rated this product an average of 1.0 while the reviewers who have written at least one verified purchase review rated this product an average of 4.6. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 63%
• Have an overrepresented word count

In the graph above, we can see the distribution of review word counts for this product and the expected distribution for this category. We see the following 2 groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• 0-5 words: 22.1% (Avg. rating: 4.9)
• 6-15 words: 40.7% (Avg. rating: 4.7)

In total, we found that 88 reviews (or 63%) are within an overrepresented word count group. These reviews have rated this product an average of 4.8, while all other reviews have rated this product an average of 4.3. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 7%
• Created over 2 days

We counted 140 reviews for this product over the span of 742 days, an average of 0.2 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 3 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 2 days exceeding this threshold:

• 5 Reviews on Jul 21, 2020 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 5 Reviews on Jul 20, 2020 (Avg. rating: 4.6)

In total, we found that 10 reviews were created on just 2 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, the discrepancy in ratings from reviews created on these high volume days and reviews created on other days isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

• 
• 19%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

27 of the 140 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. While this is more than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the these reviews and reviews without substantial repetitive phrases isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 81%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 3 participation groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 1-5 Reviews: 25.7% (Avg. rating: 4.5)
• Reviewers with 6-15 Reviews: 38.6% (Avg. rating: 4.6)
• Reviewers with 16-30 Reviews: 16.4% (Avg. rating: 4.7)

In total, we found that 113 reviewers (or 81%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is an excessively high number of reviewers in overrepresented participation groups.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

• 
• 17%
• Substantial overlapping review history

24 of the 140 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.4, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.4.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 1%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

2 of the 140 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 0%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.

• 0
• Reviews have been deleted

We have not discovered any deleted reviews for this product.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.