• 1
• Review has been deleted

We discovered a total of 1 deleted Review for this product, with an average rating of 5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

Never-Verified Reviewers

• 
• 21%
• have zero verified purchases

4 of the 19 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. While this is more Never-Verified Reviewers than we'd expect to see, it does not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Take-Back Reviewers

• 
• 32%
• have previously deleted reviews

6 of the 19 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. The Take-Back Reviewers have rated this product an average of 5.0 while the reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history have rated this product an average of 3.2. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 32%
• Substantial overlapping review history

6 of the 19 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.8 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 3.3. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

• 
• 79%
• Unverified Purchases

15 of the 19 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. While this is a higher percentage of unverified purchases than we'd expect to see, it does not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 21%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

4 of the 19 total reviews for this product admitted to receiving a free or discounted product in exchange for a review. While we could not find a statistically significant difference between the average rating of incentivized reviews and non-incentivized reviews, the presences of at least one incentivized review indicates that there may be more, since not all reviewers will disclose that they had received an incentive to post a review.

Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 32%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

6 of the 19 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. While this is more Brand Repeaters than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Brand Repeaters and non-repeaters isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

• 
• 16%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

3 of the 19 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. While this is more than we'd expect to see, it does not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 32%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 6-15 Reviews: 31.6% (Avg. rating: 3.0)

In total, we found that 6 reviewers (or 32%) are within an overrepresented participation group. While this is more reviews from overrepresented participation groups than we'd expect to see, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

• 
• 0%
• Created on high-volume days

We counted 19 reviews for this product over the span of 1,129 days, an average of 0.0 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 1 or fewer reviews on any given day. We didn't find any days exceeding this threshold.
Read more about our Rating Trend test.

• 
• 0%
• Have an overrepresented word count

We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.3, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.4.