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What Is Marriage?: Man and Woman: A Defense
More product info From Sherif Girgis

Amazon Reviews for  What Is Marriage?: Man and Woman: A Defense
Rating:
245 Ratings
214 Reviews
("Ratings" vs. "Reviews")
48% of potentially unnatural reviews removed (why?)
Adjusted:
View/Edit Adjustment
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Report Info:
Last Updated: Oct 5, 2020
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Note: While Amazon.com claims 245 Ratings, we counted 214 Reviews available on their site.
Note: We only analyze "reviews" and ignore one-tap "ratings".

Report Card

Warn Overall Grade
FAIL Rating Trend
FAIL Unverified Purchases
FAIL Overlapping Review History
WARN Deleted Reviews
WARN Suspicious Reviewers
WARN Phrase Repetition
WARN Reviewer Participation
PASS Word Count Comparison
PASS Reviewer Ease
PASS Brand Repeats
PASS Incentivized Reviews

Most Trusted Reviews

While I don't agree with everything it says, this book ... [Go to full review]
Dec 3, 2018      
100% TRUST
  • Verified Purchaser
  • Take-Back Reviewer (10 deleted Reviews; avg. rating: 5.0)
  • Easy Grader (avg. rating: 4.9)


Least Trusted Reviews

Girgis, George, and Anderson are arguably the most thoughtful, thorough, ... [Go to full review]
Dec 18, 2012      
0% TRUST
  • Unverified Purchaser
  • Created on a high volume day
  • Contains repetitive phrases (show)
  • Take-Back Reviewer (1 deleted Review; avg. rating: 5.0)
  • Overlapping Review History: reviewed 1 of 9 top products
  • Overrepresented Participation (posted 8 Reviews)
  • Easy Grader (avg. rating: 4.5)


Analysis Details

Fail Rating Trend

  • 12%
  • Created over 5 days

We counted 214 reviews for this product over the span of 2,523 days, an average of 0.1 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 2 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 5 days exceeding this threshold:In total, we found that 25 reviews were created on just 5 days. The reviews on these high volume days have rated this product an average of 4.8 while reviews from other days have rated this product an average of 4.4. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

from reviews created on high volume days

from reviews created on normal volume days


4.8
4.4


Read more about our Rating Trend test.

Fail Unverified Purchases

60 of the 214 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 3.9 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.6. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

from unverified purchasers

from verified purchases


3.9
4.6


Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

Fail Overlapping Review History
Reviewers of this product have ALSO reviewed the following products:

Does not include products
from the same brand


45 of the 214 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.7 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 4.4. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

from reviewers with substantial overlapping history

from reviewers without a substantial overlapping history


4.7
4.4


Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

Warn Deleted Reviews

We discovered a total of 4 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:
  1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
  2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
  3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.
Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

5.0 average rating of deleted reviews

5.0


Show distribution of deleted reviews

Warn Suspicious Reviewers

One-Hit Wonders


29 of the 214 reviewers have only reviewed this product. While this is more One-Hit Wonders than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the One-Hit Wonders and reviewers who have posted more than one review isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

from one-hit wonders

from reviewers with more than one review


4.6
4.4


Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

Warn Phrase Repetition


93 of the 214 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is an excessively large percentage which may indicate unnatural reviews.

from reviews with substantial repetitive phrases

from reviews without substantial repetitive phrases


4.5
4.3


Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

Warn Reviewer Participation

  • 67%
  • From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 2 participation groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:In total, we found that 143 reviewers (or 67%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is an excessively high number of reviewers in overrepresented participation groups.

From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

From reviewers with a properly represented participation


4.5
4.2


Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

Pass Word Count Comparison

  • 0%
  • Have an overrepresented word count
We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

Pass Reviewer Ease
The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.3, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.3.

4.3 Product's Average Ease Score

4.3 Category's Average Ease Score


4.3
4.3


Read more about our Reviewer Ease test.


Pass Brand Repeats

Brand Repeaters

We didn't detect a substantial amount of Brand Repeaters.

Pass Incentivized Reviews
On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

  • 0%
  • Admitted to receiving an incentive
We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.