The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect
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From Judea Pearl
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Most Trusted Reviews
TRUST
- Unverified Purchaser
- Take-Back Reviewer (1 deleted Review; avg. rating: 4.0)
- Critical Reviewer (avg. rating: 4.2)
Least Trusted Reviews
TRUST
- Verified Purchaser
- Created on a high volume day
- Contains repetitive phrases (show)
- Take-Back Reviewer (1 deleted Review; avg. rating: 5.0)
- Brand Repeater (3 of 19 reviews for this brand; avg rating: 5.0)
- Critical Reviewer (avg. rating: 2.8)
Analysis Details
(3.0/5)
(3.0/5)
(4.3/5)
(4.0/5)
(4.3/5)
(4.3/5)
(4.0/5)
(3.5/5)
29 of the 127 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.3 while reviews without substantial repetitive phrases rated this product an average of 3.8. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.
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- 6%
- Created over 2 days
We counted 127 reviews for this product over the span of 942 days, an average of 0.1 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 2 or fewer reviews on any given day.
However, we see the following 2 days exceeding this threshold:In total, we found that 7 reviews were created on just 2 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, the discrepancy in ratings from reviews created on these high volume days and reviews created on other days isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.
Take-Back Reviewers
45 of the 127 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. While this is more Take-Back Reviewers than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Take-Back Reviewers and reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.
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- 40%
- From reviewers with an overrepresented participation
We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:In total, we found that 51 reviewers (or 40%) are within an overrepresented participation group. While this is more reviews from overrepresented participation groups than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between reviewers in an overrepresented participation groups and all other reviewers isn’t significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.
45 of the 127 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.
Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.
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- 0%
- Have an overrepresented word count
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.
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from the same brand
25 of the 127 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.
4.0 Product's Average Ease Score
4.3 Category's Average Ease Score
Read more about our Reviewer Ease test.
Brand Repeaters
4 of the 127 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.
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- 0%
- Admitted to receiving an incentive
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.
- 0
- Reviews have been deleted
There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:
- We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
- We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
- We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.