Never-Verified Reviewers

• 
• 1%
• have zero verified purchases

2 of the 202 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. The Never-Verified Reviewers have rated this product an average of 2.0 while the reviewers who have written at least one verified purchase review rated this product an average of 4.7. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 1
• Review has been deleted

We discovered a total of 1 deleted Review for this product, with an average rating of 5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 26%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

52 of the 202 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. While this is more Brand Repeaters than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Brand Repeaters and non-repeaters isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Brand Loyalists

• 
• 3%
• Reviewed mostly products from this brand

7 of the 202 reviewers have reviewed multiple products but half or more of their reviews are for this brand. While this is more Brand Loyalists than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Brand Loyalists and non-loyalists isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

• 
• 49%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 6-15 Reviews: 48.5% (Avg. rating: 4.7)

In total, we found that 98 reviewers (or 49%) are within an overrepresented participation group. While this is more reviews from overrepresented participation groups than we'd expect to see, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

• 
• 0%
• Created on high-volume days

We counted 202 reviews for this product over the span of 1,277 days, an average of 0.2 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 3 or fewer reviews on any given day. We didn't find any days exceeding this threshold.
Read more about our Rating Trend test.

• 
• 5%
• Unverified Purchases

11 of the 202 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

• 
• 0%
• Have an overrepresented word count

We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 8%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

17 of the 202 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 32%
• Substantial overlapping review history

65 of the 202 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.5, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.4. While this discrepancy is rather large, it is not quite large enough to rule out the possibility of it being due random chance.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 0%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.