• 
• 44%
• Unverified Purchases

49 of the 111 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.8 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.5. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

Take-Back Reviewers

• 
• 59%
• have previously deleted reviews

65 of the 111 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. The Take-Back Reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.8 while the reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history have rated this product an average of 4.4. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 3
• Reviews have been deleted

We discovered a total of 3 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

• 
• 13%
• Created over 6 days

We counted 111 reviews for this product over the span of 4,789 days, an average of 0.0 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 1 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 6 days exceeding this threshold:

• 3 Reviews on Aug 23, 2016 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 3 Reviews on Oct 19, 2018 (Avg. rating: 1.7)
• 2 Reviews on Nov 18, 2015 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 2 Reviews on Jul 17, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 2 Reviews on Jul 29, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 2 Reviews on Nov 28, 2016 (Avg. rating: 4.5)

In total, we found that 14 reviews were created on just 6 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 19%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

21 of the 111 total reviews for this product admitted to receiving a free or discounted product in exchange for a review. While we could not find a statistically significant difference between the average rating of incentivized reviews and non-incentivized reviews, the presences of at least one incentivized review indicates that there may be more, since not all reviewers will disclose that they had received an incentive to post a review.

Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.3, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.3. While this discrepancy is rather large, it is not quite large enough to rule out the possibility of it being due random chance.

• 
• 8%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

9 of the 111 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is an excessively large percentage which may indicate unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 25%
• Have an overrepresented word count

In the graph above, we can see the distribution of review word counts for this product and the expected distribution for this category. We see the following 1 group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• 101-200 words: 25.2% (Avg. rating: 4.6)

In total, we found that 28 reviews (or 25%) are within an overrepresented word count group. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 17%
• Substantial overlapping review history

19 of the 111 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

• 
• 0%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We didn't find any participation groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 6%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

7 of the 111 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.