Never-Verified Reviewers

• 
• 5%
• have zero verified purchases

66 of the 1,415 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. The Never-Verified Reviewers have rated this product an average of 3.9 while the reviewers who have written at least one verified purchase review rated this product an average of 4.7. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Take-Back Reviewers

• 
• 33%
• have previously deleted reviews

460 of the 1,415 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. While this is more Take-Back Reviewers than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Take-Back Reviewers and reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 29
• Reviews have been deleted

We discovered a total of 29 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 4.5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

• 
• 6%
• Created over 19 days

We counted 1,415 reviews for this product over the span of 8,583 days, an average of 0.2 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 3 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 19 days exceeding this threshold:

• 8 Reviews on Apr 13, 1999 (Avg. rating: 4.5)
• 6 Reviews on Nov 15, 2006 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 5 Reviews on Mar 8, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 5 Reviews on Jun 10, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 5 Reviews on Jan 7, 2015 (Avg. rating: 4.8)
• 5 Reviews on Nov 23, 2014 (Avg. rating: 4.6)
• 5 Reviews on Apr 14, 1999 (Avg. rating: 3.0)
• 4 Reviews on Oct 28, 2013 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on Oct 29, 2014 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on Mar 25, 2015 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on Sep 21, 2015 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on Feb 1, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on May 4, 2017 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 Reviews on Jan 9, 2015 (Avg. rating: 4.8)
• 4 Reviews on Feb 14, 2006 (Avg. rating: 4.5)
• 4 Reviews on Jan 29, 2016 (Avg. rating: 4.5)
• 4 Reviews on Jul 26, 2016 (Avg. rating: 4.3)
• 4 Reviews on May 17, 2015 (Avg. rating: 4.0)
• 4 Reviews on Feb 13, 2017 (Avg. rating: 4.0)
Show All

In total, we found that 87 reviews were created on just 19 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.5, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.3. While this discrepancy is rather large, it is not quite large enough to rule out the possibility of it being due random chance.

• 
• 44%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 2 participation groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 1-5 Reviews: 18.5% (Avg. rating: 4.5)
• Reviewers with 6-15 Reviews: 25.8% (Avg. rating: 4.7)

In total, we found that 627 reviewers (or 48%) are within an overrepresented participation group. While this is more reviews from overrepresented participation groups than we'd expect to see, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

• 
• 22%
• Unverified Purchases

306 of the 1,415 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

• 
• 0%
• Have an overrepresented word count

We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 2%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

31 of the 1,415 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 9%
• Substantial overlapping review history

127 of the 1,415 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 6%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

89 of the 1,415 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 0%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.