• 41
• Reviews have been deleted

We discovered a total of 41 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 4.7. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

• 
• 14%
• Unverified Purchases

20 of the 143 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 3.8 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 2.2. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 1%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

2 of the 143 total reviews for this product admitted to receiving a free or discounted product in exchange for a review. Incentivized reviews have rated this product an average of 5.0 while reviews that were not incentivized rated this product an average of 2.4. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.

One-Hit Wonders

• 
• 8%
• have only posted one review

11 of the 143 reviewers have only reviewed this product. The One-Hit Wonders have rated this product an average of 1.2 while the reviewers who have posted more than one review have rated this product an average of 2.5. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Take-Back Reviewers

• 
• 10%
• have previously deleted reviews

15 of the 143 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. The Take-Back Reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.3 while the reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history have rated this product an average of 2.2. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 13%
• Substantial overlapping review history

19 of the 143 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 3.6 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 2.2. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

• 
• 51%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 1-5 Reviews: 51.1% (Avg. rating: 2.0)

In total, we found that 73 reviewers (or 51%) are within an overrepresented participation group. These reviews have rated this product an average of 2.0, while all other reviews have rated this product an average of 2.8. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

• 
• 8%
• Created over 2 days

We counted 143 reviews for this product over the span of 370 days, an average of 0.4 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 4 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 2 days exceeding this threshold:

• 7 Reviews on Jun 17, 2016 (Avg. rating: 2.6)
• 5 Reviews on Jun 30, 2016 (Avg. rating: 3.4)

In total, we found that 12 reviews were created on just 2 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, the discrepancy in ratings from reviews created on these high volume days and reviews created on other days isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

• 
• 16%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

23 of the 143 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is an excessively large percentage which may indicate unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 0%
• Have an overrepresented word count

We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 3.5, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.4.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 2%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

3 of the 143 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.