• 
• 9%
• Unverified Purchases

80 of the 881 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.3 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.0. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

Brand Loyalists

• 
• 5%
• Reviewed mostly products from this brand

41 of the 881 reviewers have reviewed multiple products but half or more of their reviews are for this brand. This is an excessively large percentage of Brand Loyalists which may indicate unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

• 
• 38%
• Have an overrepresented word count

In the graph above, we can see the distribution of review word counts for this product and the expected distribution for this category. We see the following 2 groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• 66-100 words: 18.7% (Avg. rating: 4.3)
• 101-200 words: 19.6% (Avg. rating: 4.4)

In total, we found that 338 reviews (or 38%) are within an overrepresented word count group. These reviews have rated this product an average of 4.4, while all other reviews have rated this product an average of 3.9. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 17%
• Substantial overlapping review history

152 of the 881 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.7 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 3.9. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

• 7
• Reviews have been deleted

We discovered a total of 7 deleted Reviews for this product, with an average rating of 4.7. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

• 
• 14%
• Created over 9 days

We counted 881 reviews for this product over the span of 259 days, an average of 3.4 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 11 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 9 days exceeding this threshold:

• 17 Reviews on Jan 14, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.2)
• 16 Reviews on Mar 6, 2019 (Avg. rating: 2.8)
• 15 Reviews on Jan 12, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.0)
• 14 Reviews on Jan 13, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.3)
• 14 Reviews on Jan 9, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.9)
• 14 Reviews on Mar 4, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.9)
• 12 Reviews on Jan 11, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.8)
• 12 Reviews on Jan 7, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.8)
• 12 Reviews on Jan 16, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.8)
Show All

In total, we found that 126 reviews were created on just 9 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, these reviews do not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

One-Hit Wonders

• 
• 24%
• have only posted one review

214 of the 881 reviewers have only reviewed this product. While this is more One-Hit Wonders than we'd expect to see, it does not appear to have a significant impact on the overall rating.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 66%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 1-5 Reviews: 66.0% (Avg. rating: 4.0)

In total, we found that 581 reviewers (or 66%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is an excessively high number of reviewers in overrepresented participation groups.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.1, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.2.

We have not yet completed optimization for this test for Hanzi or Kanji.

We have not yet completed optimization for this test for Hanzi or Kanji.