• 
• 17%
• Unverified Purchases

104 of the 595 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.7 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.5. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

• 2
• Reviews have been deleted

We discovered a total of 2 deleted reviews for this product, with an average rating of 5. Even though deleted reviews don't affect the average rating, the fact that action was taken to delete reviews raises some red flags about the integrity of the reviews for the product as whole.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about the Deleted Reviews test here.

Show distribution of deleted reviews

• 
• 10%
• Created over 18 days

We counted 595 reviews for this product over the span of 5,245 days, an average of 0.1 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 2 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 18 days exceeding this threshold:

• 5 reviews on Jun 30, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 4 reviews on Jul 19, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Jul 8, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on May 3, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on May 1, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Mar 5, 2019 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Jun 4, 2016 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Dec 27, 2015 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Feb 10, 2014 (Avg. rating: 5.0)
• 3 reviews on Feb 20, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 3 reviews on Jun 11, 2018 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 3 reviews on May 21, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 3 reviews on Jan 11, 2015 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 3 reviews on Mar 6, 2017 (Avg. rating: 4.0)
• 3 reviews on Jun 3, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.0)
• 3 reviews on May 19, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.7)
• 3 reviews on Jul 4, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.7)
• 3 reviews on Jul 7, 2019 (Avg. rating: 3.7)
Show All

In total, we found that 57 reviews were created on just 18 days. Although any days with a larger number of reviews than expected is suspicious, the discrepancy in ratings from reviews created on these high volume days and reviews created on other days isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

Take-Back Reviewers

• 
• 37%
• have previously deleted reviews

219 of the 595 reviewers have had at least one of their past reviews for another product deleted. While this is more Take-Back Reviewers than we'd expect to see, the discrepancy in ratings between the Take-Back Reviewers and reviewers who don't have any deleted reviews in their history isn't significant enough to rule out the possibility of it being due to random chance.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 0%
• Have an overrepresented word count

We didn't find any review word count groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 5%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

31 of the 595 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 8%
• Substantial overlapping review history

50 of the 595 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

• 
• 0%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We didn't find any participation groups that had a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see in this category.
Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.3, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.4.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 7%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

44 of the 595 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 0%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test, or check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.