• 
• 4%
• Unverified Purchases

51 of the 1,351 total reviews for this product are unverified purchases. The unverified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.0 while the verified purchasers have rated this product an average of 4.8. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Unverified purchases may be the result of Kindle Unlimited readers, buyers who didn't pay full price, or reviewers who did not purchase the product at Amazon. Read more about our Unverified Purchases test.

Never-Verified Reviewers

• 
• 1%
• have zero verified purchases

15 of the 1,351 reviewers have never written a verified purchase review. The Never-Verified Reviewers have rated this product an average of 3.2 while the reviewers who have written at least one verified purchase review rated this product an average of 4.8. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Suspicious Reviewers test.

• 
• 77%
• Have an overrepresented word count

In the graph above, we can see the distribution of review word counts for this product and the expected distribution for this category. We see the following 2 groups with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• 0-5 words: 38.9% (Avg. rating: 4.9)
• 6-15 words: 38.0% (Avg. rating: 4.8)

In total, we found that 1,038 reviews (or 77%) are within an overrepresented word count group. These reviews have rated this product an average of 4.9, while all other reviews have rated this product an average of 4.3. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Word Count Comparison test.

• 
• 13%
• Substantial overlapping review history

176 of the 1,351 reviewers have substantial overlapping product review history. These reviewers have rated this product an average of 4.9 while the reviewers who have a more unique product review history rated this product an average of 4.7. Based on our statistical modeling, the discrepancy in average rating between these two groups is significant enough to believe that the difference is not due to random chance, and may indicate that there are unnatural reviews.

Read more about our Overlapping Review History test.

The ease score is the average rating for all reviews that a given reviewer submits. The average ease score for reviewers of this product is 4.6, while the average ease score for reviewers in this category is 4.3. While this discrepancy is rather large, it is not quite large enough to rule out the possibility of it being due random chance.

• 
• 1%
• Created over 2 days

We counted 1,351 reviews for this product over the span of 1,625 days, an average of 0.8 reviews per day. If these reviews were created randomly, there would be a 99.9% chance that we would see 5 or fewer reviews on any given day.

However, we see the following 2 days exceeding this threshold:

• 7 Reviews on Dec 7, 2019 (Avg. rating: 4.7)
• 6 Reviews on Apr 27, 2017 (Avg. rating: 4.8)

In total, we found that 13 reviews were created on just 2 days. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Rating Trend test.

• 
• 4%
• Used substantial repetitive phrases

51 of the 1,351 total reviews for this product use substantial repetitive phrases between them. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Phrase Repetition test.

• 
• 23%
• From reviewers with an overrepresented participation

We see the following 1 participation group with a statistically significant greater concentration than what we'd expect to see:

• Reviewers with 16-30 Reviews: 23.2% (Avg. rating: 4.8)

In total, we found that 314 reviewers (or 23%) are within an overrepresented participation group. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Reviewer Participation test.

Brand Repeaters

• 
• 4%
• Reviewed other products from this brand

51 of the 1,351 reviewers have reviewed other products for this brand. This is within an acceptable range and it does not appear to be significantly affecting the overall rating for this product.

Read more about our Brand Repeats test.

On Oct 3, 2016, Amazon prohibited incentivized reviews, however we still test for them since there are still millions in our dataset.

• 
• 0%
• Admitted to receiving an incentive

We didn't detect any reviews that used language indicating they were incentivized.
Read more about our Incentivized Reviews test. Check out our study showing that Incentivized Reviewers are much more likely to leave a positive review.

• 0
• Reviews have been deleted

We have not discovered any deleted reviews for this product.

There are a few limitations to keep in mind regarding the Deleted Reviews test:

1. We don't have a magic ability to collect every single deleted review; we can only identify reviews as deleted if we collect them on one date and then notice they are no longer visible on a subsequent date.
2. We have no information on reviews that were never published in the first place.
3. We also don't know why these reviews were removed. It could be action from the platform, personal decision by the review author, part of an entire account closure, even some data error on our part, etc.

Read more about our Deleted Reviews test.